Kaum Muslimin Hijrah ke Madinah
Gangguan yang dialami Nabi Muhammad SAW selama berdakwah di Makkah tidak mereda. Bahkan mereka selalu berusaha bagaimana caranya agar dakwah Nabi tidak berhasil. Orang - orang kafir Quraisy selalu mencari kelemahan - kelemahan Nabi dan umat Islam untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan ejekan, hinaan dan penindasan.
Melihat kenyataannya seperti itu, akhirnya Nabi memandang bahwa kota Makkah tidak dapat dijadikan lagi sebagai pusat dakwah. Karena itu, Nabi pernah mengunjungi beberapa negeri seperti Thaif, untuk dijadikan sebagai tempat pusat dakwah, namun ternyata tidak bisa karena penduduk Thaif memusuhi Nabi.
Baca juga : Kisah Rasulullah SAW Hijrah ke Thaif
Pada musim haji, Nabi Muhammad SAW memanfaatkan waktunya untuk berdakwah kepada orang - orang yang datang dari luar kota Makkah, diantaranya adalah pendatang yang tiba dari kota Yastrib (Madinah).
Pada tahun kesepuluh sesudah Nabi Muhammad diutus menjadi Rasul, beberapa orang Yastrib dari suku Khazraj datang ke Makkah untuk mengerjakan Haji. Mereka di sambut oleh Nabi dan ditempat yang bernama Al Qabah. Nabi Muhammad mengadakan pertemuan dengan suku Khazraj, sambil menyeru mereka kepada agama Allah. Suku Khazraj pun menerima ajaran Nabi Muhammad dan setelah pulang ke kampung halaman, mereka giat menyebarkan dakwah Islam, terutama kepada saudara, tetangga dan teman - teman mereka.
Faktor - faktor yang menyebabkan penduduk Madinah mudah menerima agama Islam adalah :
- Bangsa Arab Yastrib lebih memahami agama - agama Ketuhanan, karena mereka sering mendengar tentang Allah, wahyu, kubur, hisab, berbangkit, surga dan neraka.
- Penduduk Yastrib memerlukan seorang pemimpin yang mampu mempersatukan suku - suku yang saling bermusuhan.
Perjanjian itu disebut perjanjian wanita, karena ada seorang wanita yang ikut didalamnya, yaitu Afra binti Abid Ibnu Tsa'labah. Disebut perjanjian Aqabah, karena terjadi di Aqabah.
Adapun isi perjanjian Aqabah yang pertama adalah :
- Kami tidak akan mempersekutukan Allah
- Kami tidak akan mencuri
- Kami tidak akan berzina
- Kami tidak akan membunuh anak - anak kami
- Kami tidak akan memfitnah dan menghasut
- Kami tidak akan mendurhakai Muhammad
Pada tahun ketiga belas sesudah Nabi Muhammad di utus, 73 orang penduduk Madinah berkunjung ke Makkah untuk menemui Nabi dan meminta beliau agar pindah ke Madinah. Nabi setuju, kemudian dibuat lagi perjanjian yang terkenal dengan "Perjanjian Aqabah yang kedua".
Dalam pertemuan Aqabah yang kedua ini, Nabi Muhammad didampingi oleh Abbas, paman beliau yang belum masuk Islam. Abbas berpesan agar suku Aus dan Khazraj dapat menjaga keselamatan Nabi Muhammad, karena Nabi akan bergabung dengan mereka.
Suku Khazraj kemudian bertanya kepada Nabi. Beliau berkata, "Saya ingin mengambil perjanjian dengan kamu semua, bahwa kamu akan menjaga saya sebagai kamu menjaga keluarga dan anak - anak kamu sendiri".
Mereka kemudian membaiat Nabi Muhammad, berjanji akan membela Nabi, mendukung segala dakwahnya dan menjaga keselamatan Nabi dari serangan musuh.
Baiat Aqabah yang kedua ini merupakan titik awal perkembangan Islam, sekaligus dakwah Nabi Muhammad SAW sehingga Islam tersebar di muka bumi ini.
Faktor - faktor yang mendorong Nabi memilih kota Madinah sebagai tempat hijrah kaum muslimin, antara lain :
- Madinah adalah tempat yang paling dekat dengan Makkah.
- Sebelum jadi Nabi, Muhammad telah mempunyai hubungan yang baik dengan penduduk Madinah. Karena kakek Nabi, Abdul Muthalib mempunyai istri orang Madinah.
- Penduduk Madinah sudah dikenal Nabi bahwa mereka memiliki sifat yang lemah lembut.
- Nabi Muhammad SAW mempunyai kerabat di Madinah, yaitu Bani Najar.
- Bagi diri Nabi sendiri, hijrah ke Madinah karena perintah Allah SWT.
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